Canadian Business And Society Ethics & Responsibilities 2nd Edition Pdf
Main article: For many years, [ ] new technologies took an important place in social, cultural, political, and economic life. Thanks to the democratization of informatics access and the network's globalization, the number of exchanges and transaction is in perpetual progress. Many people [ ] are exploiting the facilities and anonymity that modern technologies offer in order to commit multiple criminal activities. Cybercrime is one of the fastest growing areas of crime.
The problem is that some laws that profess to protect people from those who would do wrong things via digital means also threaten to take away people's freedom. Security: Full-body airport scanners [ ] Since the introduction of full body X-ray scanners to airports in 2007, many concerns over traveler privacy have arisen.
Individuals are asked to step inside a rectangular machine that takes an alternate wavelength image of the person's naked body for the purpose of detecting metal and non-metal objects being carried under the clothes of the traveler. This screening technology comes in two forms, millimeter wave technology (MM-wave technology) or (similar to x-rays used by dentists). Full-body scanners were introduced into airports to increase security and improve the quality of screening for objects such as weapons or explosives due to an increase of terrorist attacks involving airplanes occurring in the early 2000s. Ethical concerns of both travelers and academic groups include fear of humiliation due to the disclosure of anatomic or medical details, exposure to a low level of radiation (in the case of backscatter X-ray technology), violation of modesty and personal privacy, clarity of operating procedures, the use of this technology to discriminate against groups, and potential misuse of this technology for reasons other than detecting concealed objects. Also people with religious beliefs that require them to remain physically covered (arms, legs, face etc.) at all times will be unable and morally opposed to stepping inside of this virtually intrusive scanning technology.
The Centre for Society, Science and Citizenship have discussed their ethical concerns including the ones mentioned above and suggest recommendations for the use of this technology in their report titled 'Whole Body Imaging at airport checkpoints: the ethical and policy context' (2010). Privacy and GPS technologies [ ] The discourse around GPS tracking devices and geolocation technologies and this contemporary technology's ethical ramifications on privacy is growing [ ] as the technology becomes more prevalent in society. As discussed in the New York Times's Sunday Review on September 22, 2012, the editorial focused on the ethical ramifications that imprisoned a drug offender because of the GPS technology in his cellphone was able to locate the criminal's position. Now that most people carry on the person a cell, the authorities have the ability to constantly know the location of a large majority of citizens. Santana Spirits Dancing In The Flesh Rar Files. The ethical discussion now can be framed from a legal perspective.
As raised in the editorial, there are stark infractions that these geolocation devices on citizens' Fourth Amendment and their protection against unreasonable searches. This reach of this issue is not just limited to the United States but affects more democratic state that uphold similar citizens' rights and freedoms against unreasonable searches.
Osler, Hoskin & Harcourt llp. Institute of Corporate Directors. Responsibilities in Canada. October 2014. Sixth Edition. Justin Dharamdial. Into business results. “If you get the right people on the board and in management, with the right mix of skills and experience, and everyone understands their role.
These geolocation technologies are not only affecting how citizens interact with their state but also how employees interact with their workplaces. As discussed in article by the Canadian Broadcasting Company, 'GPS and privacy', that a growing number of employers are installing geolocation technologies in 'company vehicles, equipment and cellphones' (Hein, 2007).
Both academia and unions are finding these new powers of employers to be indirect contradiction with civil liberties. This changing relationship between employee and employer because of the integration of GPS technology into popular society is demonstrating a larger ethical discussion on what are appropriate privacy levels. This discussion will only become more prevalent as the technology becomes more popular. Genetically modified organisms [ ] have become quite common in developed countries around the world, boasting greater yields, higher nutritional value, and greater resistance to pests, but there are still many ethical concerns regarding their use. Even commonplace like corn raise questions of the ecological consequences of unintended, potential, and other unforeseen health concerns for humans and animals. Trademarked organisms like the ' are a relatively new occurrence.
These, genetically modified to appear in several fluorescent colours and sold as pets in the United States, could have unforeseen effects on freshwater environments were they ever to breed in the wild. [ ] Providing they receive approval from the U.S.
Free Download Program Il Resto Di Niente Enzo Striano Pdf Reader on this page. (FDA), another new type of fish may be arriving soon. [ ] The ', engineered to reach maturity within roughly 18 months (as opposed to three years in the wild), could help meet growing global demand. There are health and environmental concerns associated with the introduction any new GMO, but more importantly this scenario highlights the potential economic impact a new product may have. The FDA does perform an to weigh, for example, the consequences these new may have on the traditional salmon fishing industry against the long term gain of a cheaper, more plentiful source of salmon. These technoethical assessments, which regulatory organizations like the FDA are increasingly faced with worldwide, are vitally important in determining how GMOs—with all of their potential beneficial and harmful effects—will be handled moving forward.
Pregnancy screening technology [ ] For over 40 years, newborn screening has been a triumph of the 20th century public health system. [ ] Through this technology, millions of parents are given the opportunity to screen for and test a number of disorders, sparing the death of their children or complications such as mental retardation. However, this technology is growing at a fast pace, disallowing researchers and practitioners from being able to fully understand how to treat diseases and provide families in need with the resources to cope. A version of pre-natal testing, called, is a procedure that 'measures levels and patterns of numerous metabolites in a single drop of blood, which are then used to identify potential diseases.
Using this same drop of blood, tandem mass spectrometry enables the detection of at least four times the number of disorders than was possible with previous technologies.' This allows for a cost-effective and fast method of pre-natal testing. However, critics of tandem mass spectrometry and technologies like it are concerned about the adverse consequences of expanding newborn screen technology and the lack of appropriate research and infrastructure needed to provide optimum medical services to patients. Further concerns include 'diagnostic odysseys', a situation in which the patient aimlessly continues to search for diagnoses where none exists. Among other consequences, this technology raises the issue of whether individuals other than newborn will benefit from newborn screening practices. A reconceptualization of the purpose of this screening will have far reaching economic, health and legal impact. This discussion is only just beginning and requires informed citizenry to reach legal if not moral consensus on how far we as a society are comfortable with taking this technology.
Citizen journalism [ ]. Main article: Biotech ethics concerned with ethical dilemmas surrounding the use of biotechnologies in fields including medical research, health care, and industrial applications. Topics such as ethics, e-health ethics, ethics, ethics,, and sport and nutrition ethics fall into this category; examples of specific issues include the debates surrounding and reproductive rights. Technoethics and cognition [ ] This area of technoethical inquiry is concerned with technology's relation to the human mind, artificial agents, and society. Topics of study that would fit into this category would be artificial morality and, technoethical systems and techno-addiction. • An artificial agent describes any type of technology that is created to act as an agent, either of its own power or on behalf of another agent.
An artificial agent may try to advance its own goals or those of another agent. Technoethics and society [ ] This field is concerned with the uses of technology to ethically regulate aspects of a society.
For example: digital property ethics,,, science, and global ethics. Technofeminism [ ] Technoethics has concerned itself with society as a general group and made no distinctions between the genders, but considers technological effects and influences on each individually. This is an important consideration as some technologies are created for use by a specific gender, including,,, and. Feminists have had a significant influence on the prominence and development of reproductive technologies. Technoethical inquiry must examine these technologies' effects on the intended gender while also considering their influence on the other gender. Another dimension of technofeminism concerns female involvement in technological development: women's participation in the field of technology has broadened society's understanding of how technology affects the female experience in society.
Information and communication technoethics [ ] Information and communication technoethics is 'concerned with ethical issues and responsibilities arising when dealing with in the realm of communication.' This field is related to, rational and ethical decision making models, and. A major area of interest is the convergence of technologies: as technologies become more interdependent and provide people with multiple ways of accessing the same information, they transform society and create new ethical dilemmas. This is particularly evident in the realms of the internet. In recent years, users have had the unprecedented position of power in creating and disseminating news and other information globally via social networking; the concept of ' primarily relates to this.
With developments in the media, has led to open media ethics as Ward writes, leading to citizen journalism. In cases such as the or the movements, citizen journalists were seen to have been significant sources of facts and information in relation to the events.
These were re-broadcast by news outlets, and more importantly, re-circulated by and to other internet users. As Jay David Bolter and Richard Grusin state in their book Remediation: Understanding New Media (1999): 'The liveness of the Web is a refashioned version of the liveness of broadcast television' However, it is commonly political events (such as ' movements or the ) that tend to raise ethical questions and concerns.
In the latter example, there had been efforts made by the Iranian government in censoring and prohibiting the spread of internal happenings to the outside by its citizen journalists. This occurrence questioned the importance of the spread of crucial information regarding the issue, and the source from which it came from (citizen journalists, government authorities, etc.). This goes to prove how the internet 'enables new forms of human action and expression [but] at the same time it disables [it]' Information and Communication Technoethics also identifies ways to develop ethical frameworks of research structures in order to capture the essence of new technologies. Educational and professional technoethics [ ]. Main article: Technoethical inquiry in the field of education examines how technology impacts the roles and values of education in society. This field considers changes in student values and behavior related to technology, including access to inappropriate material in schools, online plagiarism using material copied directly from the, or purchasing papers from online resources and passing them off as the student's own work. Educational technoethics also examines the that exists between educational institutions in developed and developing countries or between unequally-funded institutions within the same country: for instance, some schools offer students access to online material, while others do not.
Professional technoethics focuses on the issue of ethical responsibility for those who work with technology within a professional setting, including engineers, medical professionals, and so on. Environmental and engineering technoethics [ ]. Main articles: and Environmental technoethics originate from the 1960s and 1970s' interest in environment and nature. The field focuses on the human use of technologies that may impact the environment; areas of concern include,, and. Engineering technoethics emerged in the late 19th century. As the triggered a demand for expertise in engineering and a need to improve engineering standards, societies began to develop codes of professional ethics and associations to enforce these codes. Ethical inquiry into engineering examines the 'responsibilities of engineers combining insights from both philosophy and the social sciences.'
Technoethical assessment and design [ ]. Main article: A technoethical assessment (TEA) is an interdisciplinary, systems-based approach to assessing ethical dilemmas related to technology.
TEAs aim to guide actions related to technology in an ethical direction by advancing knowledge of technologies and their effects; successful TEAs thus produce a shared understanding of knowledge, values, priorities, and other ethical aspects associated with technology. TEAs involve five key steps: • Evaluate the intended ends and possible side effects of the technology in order to discern its overall value (interest). • Compare the means and intended ends in terms of technical and non-technical (moral and social) aspects. • Reject those actions where the output (overall value) does not balance the input in terms of efficiency and fairness. • Consider perspectives from all stakeholder groups. • Examine technological relations at a variety of levels (e.g. Biological, physical, psychological, social, and environmental).
Technoethical design (TED) refers to the process of designing technologies in an ethical manner, involving stakeholders in efforts, revealing hidden or tacit technological relations, and investigating what technologies make possible and how people will use them. TED involves the following four steps: • Ensure that the components and relations within the technological system are explicitly understood by those in the design context.
• Perform a TEA to identify relevant technical knowledge. • Optimize the technological system in order to meet stakeholders' and affected individuals' needs and interests.
• Consult with representatives of stakeholder and affected groups in order to establish consensus on key design issues. Both TEA and TED rely on, a perspective that conceptualizes society in terms of events and occurrences resulting from investigating system operations. Systems theory assumes that complex ideas can be studied as systems with common designs and properties which can be further explained using systems methodology. The field of technoethics regards technologies as self-producing systems that draw upon external resources and maintain themselves through knowledge creation; these systems, of which humans are a part, are constantly in flux as relations between technology, nature, and society change. TEA attempts to elicit the knowledge, goals, inputs, and outputs that comprise technological systems.
Similarly, TED enables designers to recognize technology's complexity and power, to include facts and values in their designs, and to contextualize technology in terms of what it makes possible and what makes it possible. Organizational technoethics [ ] Recent advances in technology and their ability to transmit vast amounts of information in a short amount of time has changed the way information is being shared amongst co-workers and managers throughout organizations across the globe.
Starting in the 1980s with information and communications technologies (ICTs), organizations have seen an increase in the amount of technology that they rely on to communicate within and outside of the workplace. However, these implementations of technology in the workplace create various ethical concerns and in turn a need for further analysis of technology in organizations.
As a result of this growing trend, a subsection of technoethics known as organizational technoethics has emerged to address these issues. Key scholarly contributions [ ] Key scholarly contributions linking ethics, technology, and society can be found in a number of seminal works: • (, 1979).
• On Technology, Medicine and Ethics (, 1985). • The Real World of Technology (Franklin, 1990). • Thinking Ethics in Technology: Hennebach Lectures and Papers, 1995-1996 (Mitcham, 1997). • Technology and the Good Life (Higgs, Light & Strong, 2000). • Readings in the Philosophy of Technology (Kaplin, 2004).
• Ethics and technology: Ethical issues in an age of information and (Tavani, 2004). This resulting scholarly attention to ethical issues arising from technological transformations of work and life has helped given rise to a number of key areas (or branches) of technoethical inquiry under various research programs (i.e.,,, environmental technoethics, ethics,, educational technoethics, information and,, and ). See also [ ] • • • • • • • • • • • References [ ].
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